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Lens polishing
Технология производства линз.
Так и хочется - вослед за Ю. Петруниным - сказать: "Всё это - по-английски, а я не верю этим расистам!" Удерживает от такого возражения только ссылка на письмо итальянца Торричелли, приведённая на илл.:Но эти меры не касаются качества поверхности линз Торричелли, подтверждённые интерференционными тестами Ронки.
The Development of Telescope Optics in the Middle of the Seventeenth Century ЦитатаFurther, there exist four objective lenses signed along the rim of the glass by Evangelista Torricelli, probably made about 1645. Three of them are in the Science Museum in Florence; the fourth is in the Museum of the Department of Physical Science at the University of Naples. The latter has a diameter of 111 mm, a uniquely large size for that time. It has been optically tested at the University and shows an aberration of 0.6 wavelength in the focus, which is too much for telescopic use. The author has had no opportunity to examine it but, if the reported high distortion is the value measured with the whole diameter of the lens, and if the aperture were to have been reduced to a much smaller amount, then we can assume that the result might be much better. Torricelli was well known in his time for his high- quality objectives.
Further, there exist four objective lenses signed along the rim of the glass by Evangelista Torricelli, probably made about 1645. Three of them are in the Science Museum in Florence; the fourth is in the Museum of the Department of Physical Science at the University of Naples. The latter has a diameter of 111 mm, a uniquely large size for that time. It has been optically tested at the University and shows an aberration of 0.6 wavelength in the focus, which is too much for telescopic use. The author has had no opportunity to examine it but, if the reported high distortion is the value measured with the whole diameter of the lens, and if the aperture were to have been reduced to a much smaller amount, then we can assume that the result might be much better. Torricelli was well known in his time for his high- quality objectives.
А вот о методе контроля мне не попалось ни одной фразы.
The Stars of Galileo Galilei and the Universal Knowledgeof Athanasius KircherЦитата The test, which took place on 30 April 1664, consists in reading sentences written in different characters upon some billboards placed at a certain distance: it is rather like having one’s eyes examined.
The test, which took place on 30 April 1664, consists in reading sentences written in different characters upon some billboards placed at a certain distance: it is rather like having one’s eyes examined.
Not very much is known about lens testing practices in seventeenth century.
А тут - высокооплачиваемое "магическое действо"! Что угловое увеличение, которое производит зрительная труба, по своему воздействию таинственно , "магично", я убедился в том же, 9-летнем возрасте, впервые заглянув в 8х бинокль.Само слово magnify (увеличение) и слова "магия"происходят от корня "маг". Думаю, именно это предрасполагало "посвящённых" к неразглашению оптических секретов. Но кончина гениального физика Торричелли в 40-летнем возрасте наводит на мысль, что это была расплата за разглашение тайны.
the main reason for discarding one was probably something else than an evident defect of the lens material, such as gas bubbles, seeds, glass turbidity and colour: in that case the glass plate would not have been used for lens making
Магия увеличения линз делала их самыми интересными "игрушками",
Корпусом служила спортивная граната
с подобными дефектами малой площади применялись без отбраковки
Но вот обломанный контур у тогдашних линз - это ... нет слов!
Цитата: ekvi от 15 Мар 2021 [09:52:18]Но вот обломанный контур у тогдашних линз - это ... нет слов!А не могли эти кромки обгрызть уже после?Я думаю, что это связано со способом крепления линз в медных оправав...Тупо пережимали. Тем более что в основном использовали завальцовку. Ну и большая разница в ТКРЛ, за время существования телескопов могла сыграть свою роль...
Думаю, обломаны линзы прорезью в стеклорезе,
Я думаю, что это связано со способом крепления линз в медных оправав...Тупо пережимали. Тем более что в основном использовали завальцовку. Ну и большая разница в ТКРЛ, за время существования телескопов могла сыграть свою роль...
Думаю, обломаны линзы прорезью в стеклорезе, а сами линзы изготавливались из листового стекла, которым остекляли окна: толщина у линзы Торричелли t = 6 мм при Ф 80х6000 мм - стрелка сферы ~ 0.15 мм.
Finally, we shall discuss four object glasses, and one instrument of the most important telescope maker of the seventeenth century, namely the Italian optician Giuseppe Campani. In Figures 11a, b, c and d, we see the Foucault and the Ronchi tests of four objectives made by Campani. Figure 11a shows the object glass belonging to the instrument at the Orangerie Museum, part of the Hessisches Landesmuseum in Kassel, Germany. It is a large telescope by Campani, which Landgraf Karl bought in Rome in the year 1700. It is signed along the rim with a diamond: `Giuseppe Campani in Roma anno 1700 zum Cassellischen Kunst Hausse.’ It has a diameter of 78 mm and a focal length of 4.92 m. Its surfaces are nearly perfectly spherical and show only the normal spherical aberration. Figures 11b and c show the tests on the two large aerial telescope objectives. They belong to the Conservatiore National des Arts et Me! tiers in Paris, France. Here we recognize that the border rim was ¯ attened during the polishing process to a high degree. The result is a striking spherical overcorrection. However, as we shall see below, this overcorrection only has a minor in¯ uence in the quality of the objectives. In Figure 11b, the diameter of the objective is 135 mm, and the focal length is 18.5 m. It is signed along the rim with a diamond: `Giuseppe Campani in Roma Palmi 87’ . In Figure 11c, the diameter of the objective is 158 mm, and the focal length is 25.6 m. It is signed along the rim with a diamond: `Giuseppe Campani in Roma Palmi 120 ’ . To diminish the chromatic aberration to an invisible amount, the ® rst objective needs an aperture stop of diameter 80 mm, and the second an aperture stop of diameter 90 mm. Inside this aperture the image distortion of the spherical overcorrection is so slight that the Rayleigh condition of the fourth part of a wavelength is ful lled. Therefore, we come to the conclusion that these aerial telescope objectives, although far from perfect in the modern sense, nevertheless gave good images. This is for exactly the same reason that I explained in my critical objections concerning the `Galilean telescopes ’ in Florence. Campani had no information about the condition of his lenses in the region covered by the aperture stop, which he needed to eliminate the chromatic aberration. Aspherical aberrations of the lens surfaces are caused by imperfect contact between the ne ground lens and the polishing surface, that is the ne paper glued to the grinding mould. If Campani noticed with his star tests an imperfect image, then that would be an indication for him that the lens inside the aperture stop is not spherical. Therefore, he reground it and made a new polishing tool. He kept repeating this process until the star images became perfect. Already during Campani’s lifetime and especially after his death (1715), some rumours were circulating about special secret methods or tools that he used to make his objectives. However, to me the results of the objective tests indicate that it was his great skill and his tendency to perfectionism that explains his great success. Figure 11d shows a telescope from the present author’ s collection. Again, the surfaces are aspherical such that a very slight overcorrection results, but the imperfection is so slight that it could not have been recognized when observing stars. Now we shall also examine the eyepiece of this telescope, comparing it with the instruments of Wiesel and Divini. As we see in the sketch of the ray trace in Figure 12, the diOEerence from the instruments previously described is that the eyepiece has only three lenses. It seems that Campani was the ® rst to realize clearly that the threelens eyepiece gives as good, or even better, images than the four-lens eyepiece. He never made four-lens eyepieces. For comparison we return to Figure 2, which shows a diagram of the calculated colour defects of several telescopes now discussed here. We see that Johannes Wiesel was without any competition during this lifetime. He was surpassed after his death only by Giuseppe Campani. Campani’s telescopes are the best that was possible to achieve with the non-achromatic objective. On clear nights the resolving power of his best instruments reached the theoretical diOEraction limits. Until the invention of the achromatic objective, no better telescopes than Campani’s in Rome existed in Italy, France or England.
линза в оправе из слоновой кости 1677 года.